Research Paper on Psychoanalytic Theory Essay Example

Research Paper on Psychoanalytic Theory Essay Psychoanalytic theory was developed by Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Freud in the late nineteenth/early twentieth century and is closely related to his psychotherapeutic practice. It is a theory that seeks to describe the etiology of mental disorders, the development of man and his personality, and explain human motivation. Based on this of theory, Freud developed a type of psychotherapy. The complex formed by the theory, based on psychotherapeutic practice and methods he used, received the name of psychoanalysis. Freud imagined the psyche (or mental apparatus) of the human being as an energy system: Each person had, he said, for a limited amount the psychic energy. This means, first, that the energy required to perform certain activity (e.g., artistic expression) will not be available for other purposes (e.g., sexuality), on the other hand, if a person cannot spend his energy in some way (e.g., sexuality), the person must do so in another way (e.g., artistic expression). This energy comes from the drives (sometimes incorrectly called instincts). According to the author, the human being has two innate, sexual and death instincts. These two drives are opposed to the ideal of society and therefore need to be controlled through education, so that the energy generated by the drives cannot be released directly. The human being is thus sexual and aggressive by nature and function of society is to tame these natural human tendencies. The situation of not being able to vent this energy generates the individual a state of internal tension that needs to be solved. Every action of man is thus motivated by hedonistic search to vent accumulated psychic energy. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Psychoanalytic Theory specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Psychoanalytic Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Psychoanalytic Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Human beings, however, are not aware of this whole process of generating and releasing the energy. To explain this fact, Freud describes three levels of consciousness: Conscious (Bewusste), which includes all phenomena that at any given time can be perceived by the individual conscious way; The preconscious (Vorbewusste) refers to phenomena of which an individual is not aware at any given time, but can become, if the individual wishes to know them; The unconscious (Unbewusste ) refers to phenomena and contents that we are not aware of, and only under very special circumstances can become. (The term â€Å"subconscious† is often used synonymously, despite having been abandoned by Freud.) Freud was not the first to propose that part of the psychic life develops unconsciously. He was, however, the first to investigate deeply that territory. According to him, human desires and thoughts often produce content that would cause fear to the individual, if they were not stored in the unconscious. This well has an important stabilizing function of conscious life. His research led him to propose that the unconscious is alogical (and therefore open to co ntradictions); timeless and aespacial (i.e., content belonging to different times or spaces). Dreams are seen as symbolic expression of unconscious contents. When you need a good, reliable source of relevant data, you may want to use free example research paper on psychoanalytic theory. Are you looking for a top-notch custom research paper on Psychoanalytic Theory topics? Is confidentiality as important to you as the high quality of the product? Try our writing service at EssayLib.com! We can offer you professional assistance at affordable rates. Our experienced PhD and Master’s writers are ready to take into account your smallest demands. We guarantee you 100% authenticity of your paper and assure you of dead on time delivery. Proceed with the order form: Please, feel free to visit us at EssayLib.com and learn more about our service!

The eNotes Blog Are You Right or LeftBrained

Are You Right or LeftBrained Ah, the secret life of the human brain. Its hard to imagine that something that exists inside of each of us, that governs our every waking moment (and every sleeping moment for that matter), can be too complex for us to completely understandmore mysterious than the depths of the deepest ocean. In just one second, for instance, our brains can form one million new connections. One million. To keep up with everything your brain does, well, youd need another brain. One aspect of the brain that has always perplexed me is the concept of the left vs right brain. There is a persistent idea that the world is divided into left-brained and right-brained peoplethe former latching onto logic and analytical thinking, the latter made up of loosey-goosey, emotionally intuitive types. Throughout our lives, many of us purport to be either one or the otheran identity that is forged and enforced in school. Students proficient in Math and Science will adopt the idea that they are left-brainers, while those most skilled in Arts will identify themselves as right-brainers. But if youre not certain yet as to whether you are right or left brained, well, theres an infographic for that: Its interesting how this infographic ties in to information that is already quite commonplace. The idea, for example, that left-handed people possess greater creativity (given the fact that the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body). I had thought this idea was simply an old-wives tale. It turns out, this is only slightly the case Right-Brain, Left-Brain Theory was actually formed as a result of neuropsychologist Roger W. Sperrys work with epileptic patients. His treatment for epilepsy involved severing the corpus collosum (the membrane that separates the halves of the brain). This effectively reduced a patients number of seizures, but drastically affected other aspects of their lives: Many split-brain patients found themselves unable to name objects that were processed by the right side of the brain, but were able to name objects that were processed by the left-side of the brain. Based on this information, Sperry suggested that language was controlled by the left-side of the brain. (Source) So, it is true that each side of the brain is better able to handle certain tasks. It is simply the theory itself that is over-generalized when speaking of individuals. While the right brain may be better suited to expressing and reading emotions, recognizing faces, and creativity, and the left may focus more on language, logic, and numbers, it is really how the halves of your brain work in unison that makes up the type of learner and thinker that you are. All Mathies are not entirely left-brained, and all creative types are not completely right-brainedsomething that may make you feel better when you find, like I did, that your apparently dominant side doesnt describe what you feel you are truly best at. (Numbers? Who, me) That being said, there is some use for dominance theory in curating good study habits. Understanding your strengths and weaknesses in certain areas can help you develop better ways to learn and study. For example, students who have a difficult time following verbal instructions (often cited as a right-brain characteristic) can benefit from writing down directions and developing better organizational skills. In particular, I can recall a mnemonic that worked well for me all the way back when I was preparing for my AP Psychology exama rhyme centering around numbers that helped me to memorize Eriksons eight stages of development. Maybe I have always been numbers-oriented after all? So, after identifying from the graphic above whether you are   left or right brained, here are some tips to help you learn and study most efficiently: Left Brain Dominant: To Do lists will work well for you, and youre probably already an expert at them! You might find that youre more partial to non-fiction reading You probably work better alone than in a group. If you must be in a group, volunteer as leader Take advantage of your organizational skills in taking notes and scheduling Push yourself to take risks! They can pay off Right Brain Dominant: Youll excel in essays, more so than on factual, T/F-type questions You probably dont always read directions carefullymake that a priority Use images and charts in your studies Use your imagination and creativity to its fullest on all projects Organize your thoughts by getting them down on paper Are you left brain or right brain dominant? Take the test to find out! And if you have any study tips to help others with your learning type, wed love to hear them in a comment!

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 123

Essay Example the real account of plague to set a scene for seven ladies between the ages of eighteen and twenty eight and men over the ages of twenty five to unite away from Florence to lead their remaining lives in pleasure and happiness. Florence suffered through plague that killed the dwellers of the place at a tragic extent. The epidemic not only brought inevitable death to people, but also took away the emotional and social relationships from the people. They did not hold anyone dear to them whether he or she was related to them in any sense. Boccaccio writes, â€Å"This disaster had struck such fear into the hearts of men and women that brother abandoned brother, uncle abandoned nephew, sister left brother, and very often wife abandoned husband, and -- even worse, almost unbelievable -- fathers and mothers neglected to tend and care for their children, as if they were not their own.† (Bondanella and Musa 68) Inevitability of death became clear to everyone and people started living their lives as per their will and wish. All people were affected because of epidemic whether they were old or young, rich or poor, master or slave. People were not worried about their properties and possessions. Some shut them inside their houses, some started to live as vagrants, some indulged in all kinds of legal and illegal pleasures while many others left Florence in order to hide from death. Boccaccio was able to put forward his fictional accounts while taking support of real time situation that hit many cities. It was plague that allowed people to enjoy liberty and free will and without such setting, the living of noble young ladies and men with each other without social bounds was unimaginable. 2-Summarize the story of Saladin, Melchisedec, and the 3 Rings. What is Boccaccio’s overall message to his audience? Why is it significant that the main characters are a Muslim and a Jew and that Boccaccio’s Italian readers were almost entirely Christian? Don’t forget to summarize the 3

The Eighth Wonder of The World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Eighth Wonder of The World - Essay Example The architecture style of the building is Art Deco (Tauranac, 1975). In 1986 The Empire State Building entered the list of National Historical Monuments and in 2007 the building became the head of the list of the best American Architectural Solutions according to the American Architectural Institute. W&H Properties Company is the owner and the manager of the building. The Tower is situated on the Fifth Avenue, between the  33rd and 34th Street (Tauranac, 1975). As the Skyscraper is surrounded by many offices, it can’t be viewed in full from below. It is accomplished  in modest but very elegant Art Deco style. In contrast to many modern skyscrapers, the front of the tower is fulfilled in classical style. On the grey stone front, there are strips of stainless steel and the upper stores look like three projections. The hall is 30 meters in length. It is decorated with the picture representing Seven Wonders of the World with the eighth added to them – The Empire State B uilding itself. In 1964 the system of floodlights was set on the top of the towel to illuminate the top in different colors. It is interesting that the colors are chosen depending on the season of the year, holiday or event (Tauranac, 1975). In the Empire State Building there is a hall of Guinness  Records there is the information about outstanding records and record-holders. The tower was first shown in the film King Kong in 1933. After that, it was represented in many other famous films such as Love Affair and Empire. The building plays an important role in the sport life of the world because race competitions are held there annually.

Kudler Fine Food's Marketing Strategy and Tactics Essay

Kudler Fine Food's Marketing Strategy and Tactics - Essay Example With all these aims in mind the company presently aims at using market research. This paper aims at discussing the importance of marketing research for the company and also to identify the areas where additional market research is needed. The paper will also focus on the competitive intelligence which will assist in development of marketing strategy and tactics for the company. Changes in any organization are one of the most difficult things to accomplish and marketing research in any company tends to always bring about changes (McNamara, 2006). Market research plays a very important role in businesses and assists businesses study the changes in the markets to effectively be able to accomplish the changes being intended in the company. It is essential to note that the marketing research is very beneficial in assisting the companies develop the marketing strategies and tactics. The benefits of the marketing research are as discussed below: a) Detailing the Constraints: Kudler fine Foods will gain a strong guidance from the marketing research and will be able to focus on the constraints which are an imperative part of all decision making. b) Marketing Action: The market researches provide the company with the required data for the development of the strategies and tactics (Kotler, 1999). This information proves to be invaluable for the accuracy of the tactics and development of the strategies. c) Customer’s views: Marketing research provides the company with a chance to identify the customer’s responses and views. This allows the company to make more informed decisions in terms of the marketing and also in regards to the development of new products (Aksel, 2007). Evaluating the customer needs constantly allows the company to develop products and services to accurately meet the needs of the customer and to successful cater to the target customers. d) Estimation

Market analysis of starbucks

Market analysis of starbucks Starbucks was founded in 1971, in Pike Place Market, nestled in Seattle with hopes of creating a third place between home and work. The company was originally named Starbucks Coffee, Tea and Spices, but today change to Starbucks Coffee Company. Now stores are located all over the U.S. They sprung up in urban areas, suburbs, as well as rural areas. This expansion developed the brand as we know it today. It has become a well known name for quality coffee. The company has realized that people dont only come for coffee; they come for the atmosphere, (Kembell). Customers are able to socialize, read, study or enjoy music while drinking coffee. They changed the normal experience of going to a coffee shop. The music selection, furnishings, wide selection of coffee, and great customer service set them apart. Howard Schulz, CEO of Starbucks, once stated, You get more than the finest coffee when you visit a Starbucks-you get great people, first-rate music and a comfortable and upbeat meeting place. In their own words, Starbucks describes this as, champions business practices that help produce social, environmental and economics benefits of communities in which we operate. Starbucks wants to open new stores in both new and existing markets, expand their product development process, and cater to customers needs to eventually improve their financial position and dominate market share. Situational Analysis The limiting of impact on the environment comes in many forms, from materials they use to the way the coffee in produced. The Urban Coffee Opportunity is to help get Starbucks Coffee Company stores into ethnically diverse communities. The mission and principles are listed among many other aspects of the company on their web site, starbucks.com. Coffee being their staple product, they offer over 30 blends, which come from all over the world. They package these as well as produce a premium handcrafted beverage in their stores. Starbucks also offers its customers a wide assortment of home coffee machines. That means in the United States they had 11,168 stores, 7,087 company operated stores and 4,081 licensed stores make up this staggering number. They now have 4,588 stores in over 43 countries. Their brand is top notch in the coffee world, but this awareness is mainly in respect to their handcrafted beverages and other items located at their store. Market Summary Target Markets The primary target audience was found by evaluating information from focusing in on those that drink ground pre-packaged coffee in the home. another target audience is women 20 to 45. A secondary target audience is men aged 20 to 45. They understand that Starbucks is more than just a brand of coffee, but instead, its an experience that a person is savouring in the morning during their coffee time. the original target market has not disappeared, but has expanded into the demographic of the store location. Market Demographics Data from 2004 showed the company was far from reaching existing markets. That in the Pacific Northwest, there was one store for every 20,000 people whereas in the Southeast there was only one store for every 110,000 people. Some Researches showed Starbucks was operating in over 300 Company-owned stores in the United Kingdom, Australia, and Thailand. Customers that started visiting Starbucks in 2002 were 45% female,55% male. The most frequent customers average 21 visits per month, whereas the typical customer visits seven times per month. Average age for an established customer was 38, new customers was 42. Demographic factors are important to Starbucks so executives can make vital decisions regarding population, ethnic groups and expansion. According to the CIA World Factbook, people between the ages of 15-64 make up the largest percentage of the population, and therefore have the greatest influence on Starbucks to maximize profit. Market NeedsMarket Growth Starbucks wants to create an experience for their customers that combine their on-the-go schedule, as well as a place to relax. they believe people come here for the coffee, but ambience is what makes them want to stay, Starbucks operates over 10,000 retail stores. Most of the 4,200franchised stores are located in shopping malls and airports. Starbucks menu contains brewed coffee, espresso traditions and favourites, cold beverages, coffee alternatives, frappuccinos, and the sale of whole beans. From the beginning when Howard Schultz took over Starbucks, he believed, Partner satisfaction leads to customer satisfaction, Starbucks employees are referred to as partners. As of 2002,Starbucks employed 60,000 partners worldwide, 50,000 of those in the United States. Specialty coffee was an estimated $5 billion business in the foodservice channel. Starbucks was estimated to have a 5% share. In-the-home consumption was an estimated $3.2 billion business. Starbucks was estimated to have a 4% share. The coffee market can be divided into consumers segment by where the coffee is drunk, In-Home vs. Out of Home; and type of product, Soluble (Instant) vs. Ground coffee. Three market trends worth noting are firstly the anticipated growth of the out of home segment based on a recent study by Nestle (As reported in Bernama Press 2009), where Malaysians currently spend 35 per cent of their total food and beverage expenses out-of-home. Secondly, instant coffee market caters quite specifically to local tastes. This can be witnessed by the behaviour of Nestle , the market leader, who in 2009 (Chan 2009) also introduced a range of instant hot drinks targeted at local tastes to compete directly with other domestic brands who have specialised in domestic flavours such as White Coffee or Kopi-O. PEST ANALYSIS The PEST analysis examines the broad environment in which the organisation is operating. (Johnson Scholes, 1999) There are the four key areas in which to consider how current and future change can affect the business of Starbucks. Political factors Political factors include government regulations and legal issues and define both formal and informal rules under which the company must operate. (Knowles et al, 2001) As Starbucks is expanding internationally, trade restrictions, tariffs, tax policies and employment laws of related to their business countries have influence upon Starbucks. Economic factors The Starbucks business depends on economic factors in developing countries, where it buys the coffee beans. Coffee is the principle commercial crop. Social factors The social and cultural influences on business vary from country to country. Social factors include the demographic and cultural aspects of the external environment. These factors affect customers needs and the size of the potential market. (Johnson Scholes, 1999) Technological factors Technologies allow Starbucks to offer the higher standard quality products; its computerised roasters allow the company to create unique computerised curves in roasting coffee beans.

King Lear :: William Shakespeare English Literature Essays

King Lear Spit, fire! Spout, rain! Nor rain, wind, thunder, fire, are my daughters. I tax you not, you elements, with unkindness: I never gave you kingdom, call'd you children, You owe me no subscription: then let fall Your horrible pleasure... Imagine trusting your children with everything you have. Now imagine trusting your worst enemies with everything you have. Just think... They could be one in the same. Our Interview with Shakespeare Scholar, Jasper the Unicorn On King Lear by William Shakespeare KariMag: What do you think of the tragedy that befalls King Lear? Jasper: I think that a lot of the responsibility belongs to Lear. KariMag: Can you give us any examples? Jasper: Lear behaves a lot like child towards those who try to warn him against giving up his kingdowm to his two daughters, Regan and Goneril. He banishes Kent who tries to warn him, he threatens to whip the Fool who tries to warn him and he even ignores Cordelia's speech about the speeches her sisters have given. KariMag: Who do you think tries to warn him the most? Jasper: Definately The Fool! Because he is considered a person purely around for amusement, Lear does not take him seriously. The Fool tries many different stories, songs and scenarios to get Lear to see the truth of his crumbling kingdom. KariMag: What about Kent? What role does Kent play? Jasper: Kent is a character who pretty much stops trying to warn Lear and takes up the role of Lear's protector. He defends Lear when Oswald insults him and he also tries his best to keep Lear safe from himself. KariMag: What are we supposed to think of the Edgar/Poor Tom character? Jasper: I think Billy - that's what I call him - wants the reader to think that Edgar/Poor Tom is the male equivalent to Cordelia. Despite the anger and hatred that Gloucester, his father, may feel for him, he still remains there to protect and defend his father. There's an echoing theme of duty and loyalty on behalf of the child despite the behavior of the parent. KariMag: That's deep. Jasper: We're also given the exact opposite of the "Good Child", which would be Regan, Gonerial and Edmund. KariMag: Are we supposed to feel that Edmund, in some way, is justified in his actions? Jasper: Against his father, I think to a degree being referred to as a mistake might qualify as a reason to dislike one's father. But Edgar was completely innocent in everything and Edgar exacting revenge in the end against the one who wronged by he and his father is definately a great example of Karma.

Case Study Jane

After reading about Jane I have learned she associates fear with love due to events earlier in her life. No matter how hard Jane tried to impress her father she was never good enough. As Jane grows older her father no longer hits her but instead uses money as his form of abuse. As you read you learn that she later marries a man who displays the same behaviors as her father. Jane forgives him because she associates this behavior as love. Unless Jane recalls what her aunt tried to associate love with she will continue to let herself be preyed on by both her father and her husband. As a result if Jane continues to live the way she is Jane’s unborn child will most likely be a submissive woman or an abusive man. Through the cognitive perspective we see that Jane thinks of the behaviors displayed by her father as love. As time goes on she appears makes little to no effort to change her thought. Because for so long she has thought that these actions are displays of love. Which in turns Jane allows her husband to do the same things as her father did through out her life, because she believes it to be a display of love. Through the behavioral perspective we see that Jane’s likely to continue to forgive her father and husband for there abuse. In turn she is rewarded with money in most cases. This could be the cause of her behavioral actions following the abuse, because she knows she will continue to receive money from her abusers. Through the psychodynamic perspective we learn that Jane’s childhood greatly impacted her life as an adult allowing the same situations to continue even after she has moved away from her father. This causing her to allow her husband to display the same behaviors and she does nothing to change them. The motivation of allowing the acts to continue could possibly be the money that is received after the abuse which she also considers a display of love.

The Problems Of Solid Waste In Turkey Environmental Sciences Essay

AbstractionMunicipal solid waste ( MSW ) is a major environmental job in Turkey, as in many developing states. Problems associated with municipal solid waste are hard to turn to, but attempts towards more efficient aggregation and transit and environmentally acceptable waste disposal continue in Turkey. Although rigorous ordinances on the direction of solid waste are in topographic point, crude disposal methods such as unfastened dumping and discharge into surface H2O have been used in assorted parts of Turkey. This article presents a brief history of the legislative tendencies in Turkey for MSW direction and the MSW duty and direction construction together with the present state of affairs of coevals, composing, recycling, and intervention. The consequences of several researches show that about 25 million ton of MSW are generated yearly in Turkey. About 77 % of the population receives MSW services. In malice of attempts to alter unfastened dumping countries into healthful landfills and to construct modern recycling and composting installations, Turkey still has over two 1000 unfastened mopess.Reappraisal of the Turkish legislative model in MSW directionIn 1983, the Ministry of Environment in Turkey published Environmental Law 2872 as the first phase in order to better the environmental state of affairs in the state. However, there was no consensus on the best option for MSW direction in the jurisprudence. In 1991, the Solid Waste Control Regulation came into force in order to pull off solid waste. The ordinance played a cardinal function in solid waste aggregation, storage, conveyance, and disposal. The ordinance has been continuously updated. In add-on, Turkey developed ordinances for medical waste in 1993 and for risky waste in 1995. The Medical Waste Control Regulation established a basic action line for medical waste direction based on the aggregation, storage, conveyance, and disposal or reuse of the waste by its proprietor. Some types of waste, such as r adioactive wastes, were excluded from that jurisprudence. The Hazardous Waste Control Regulation set the standards for the aggregation, conveyance, and concluding disposal of risky waste, including options for land filling or incineration, every bit good as the design standard and the operational regulations for healthful landfills and incinerators. The ordinance besides focuses on the minimisation of risky waste and encouragement of recycling. By legal definition, municipal solid waste includes all the waste originating from human activities that are usually solid and that are discarded as useless or unwanted. Municipal solid waste by and large consists of waste generated from residential to commercial countries, industries, Parkss, and streets [ 1 ] . In metropoliss in Turkey, community enterprises in solid waste direction are presently being supported by the municipal governments, who guide their activities harmonizing to the statute law and policies dictated by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry ( MEF ) . The model of duty and direction of MSW in Turkey is shown in Figure 1. MSW comes from commercial services, industries, health care installations, and citizens in Turkey. Some private endeavors are responsible for the aggregation and conveyance of solid waste and for the sorting of individually collected packaging waste. After screening, the packaging waste is directed towards the recycling industry [ 2 ] . Fig. 1. Model of duty and direction of MSW in Turkey.MSW coevals and composingUntil 1994, there were merely estimations of MSW coevals in Turkey because of the predomination of unfastened dumping and the trouble of entering MSW coevals. The absence of dependable informations and statistics for waste coevals and composing makes a regional and national rating of MSW direction hard. The Turkish State Statistical Institute has compiled statistics about MSW direction since 1994 [ 3 ] . In the 1960s, 3-4 million ton of municipal solid waste per twelvemonth was generated in Turkey. However, harmonizing to the Turkish State Statistical Institute ‘s 2004 database, about 25 million ton of MSW was generated yearly ( Figure 2 ) . Fig. 2. Sum of MSW collected in Turkey. Increasing population degrees, rapid economic growing, and the rise in community life criterions will speed up the hereafter solid waste coevals rate in Turkey. The sum of MSW per capita in the summer and winter seasons from 1994 to 2004 is given in Figure 3. The coevals rate per capita varies well from the summer season to the winter season. As seen in Fig. 3, in the 1990s Turkey generated a higher sum of MSW in the summer than in the winter. MSW coevals rates in summer and in winter are 1.30 and 1.29 kg/cap/day in 2004, severally. This is a consequence of the decreasing use of fossil fuel for day-to-day warming. Fig. 3. Sum of MSW per capita ( kg/cap/day )Technologies in usage for managing and intervention of MSWCollection and transit of MSWThere are 3225 municipalities in Turkey, and 16 of them are metropolitan municipalities. A sum of 3028 municipalities have solid waste direction services. The population having solid waste services from 1994 to 2004 is shown in Fig. 4. As can be seen, the per centum of the population having solid waste services increased from 71 % in 1994 to 77 % in 2004 ( Fig. 4 ) . Fig. 4. Percentage of entire population having solid waste services of Turkey. However, the per centum of municipalities roll uping and transporting solid waste in the municipalities is 95 % . In most of the colony units of Turkey, the aggregation and transit constituents of MSW direction are by and large good organized. The municipalities spend all of their attempts and budgets for these services. There are two types of aggregation systems in the municipal countries of Turkey [ 4 ] .Collection Systems of MSW1. Curb Side PickupThis system is operated in the cardinal parts of the metropoliss and big towns. In this aggregation system, a solid waste aggregation vehicle Michigans at each edifice to pick up the garbage, either in plastic bags or in kitchen bins. Where this system is operated, the waste is collected daily or twice a twenty-four hours. Some occupants use specially produced plastic bags, but most use packaging plastic bags of assorted thickness and sizes. The kitchen bins used by the occupants of most parts are non standard, either in size or in fabric ating stuff.2. Community Bin SystemThis system is normally practiced in little colonies and the ill developed peripheral parts of urban countries. Depending on the population of an country, community bins with assorted non-standard sizes and theoretical accounts are placed on the streets, and waste from these bins is collected by assorted types of vehicles, runing from tractors to compactors. The bins are by and large emptied or replaced in some municipalities two or three times a hebdomad. Due to the addition of population and rapid urbanisation, the roads in the peripheral parts in some urban Centres are really hapless, so the aggregation vehicles can non make the community bins in these countries during rainy periods and therefore the community bins can non be emptied on a regular basis. The MSW from these countries by and large contains high concentrations of putrescent affair, which makes them peculiarly prone to do aesthetic and environmental perturbations to neighboring popul ations, particularly when the community bins or poulet bins are non emptied within 48 H of adding the garbage to the bins. Medical waste from healthcare constitutions to other risky wastes are by and large put into the community bins alternatively of being collected individually by specially designed trucks and workers. However, some municipalities individually apply aggregation and transit systems, particularly municipalities with high populations. A little sum of medical waste is disposed by firing in Turkey. The infective solid waste, together with MSW, is by and large discharged to dumping countries of municipalities. Municipalities use their ain vehicles for solid waste aggregation and transit. Both the aggregation and transit services are performed by the same vehicles. By and large, transportation theoretical accounts are non used in Turkey. The aggregation and transit vehicles are by and large trucks with capacities of 3.5-7 ton. Tractors are besides used in many countries in big metropoliss.Disposal of MSWIn many metropoliss in Turkey, lacks in the proviso of waste services are the consequence of unequal fiscal resources, direction, and proficient accomplishments of municipalities and authorities governments to cover with the rapid growing in demand for services. Methods of disposal of solid waste, harmonizing to the Turkish State Statistical Institute ‘s 2004 database, are shown diagrammatically in Figure 5. Fig. 5. MSW disposal methods in Turkey There are 16 healthful landfills, five composting workss ( three of which are being actively operated ) , and three incineration workss in Turkey. In 2004 25,013,521 ton of MSW were collected, whereas 7,002,000, 351,000, and 8000 ton were disposed of in healthful landfills, composted, and incinerated, severally. A sum of 17,661,254 ton of waste was disposed of without any control. There are typically a big figure of scavengers at garbage bins in Turkey. The stuffs collected are subjected to some degree of intermediate processing, such as separating, rinsing and drying. The rescued stuffs re so sold to decline traders, who further separate the stuffs and sell them to allow processing/ recasting Millss and mills. It is estimated that about 10-15 % of MSW is recycled by scavengers.Agreements in Management Strategies and DutiesThe conventional waste aggregation and disposal system in Turkey consists of refuse trucks and unfastened dumping. However, the tendency for disposal of MSW is tow ards implementing waste recreation and making an integrated MSW direction system. An incorporate system requires many direction options, such as beginning decrease, kerb side recycling, material recovery, waste-to-energy, healthful land filling, and composting. Physical and chemical informations can be analyzed to find the physical makeup and the chemical content of the MSW watercourse consecutive, supplying of import information for MSW direction systems. Although the physical composing analysis may straight back up the appraisal of material recovery, kerb side recycling, and composting, the energy content may greatly back up the probe of the thermic intervention potency. Bettering the criterion of direction and operation of some bing installations at much lower cost may offer considerable betterment in environmental public presentation. Additionally, puting out a plan of planned closing and redress of the most contaminated garbage dumps will represent an early measure in the devel opment of the national waste scheme [ 5 ] . Co-disposal of MSW with risky medical and industrial wastes creates a great concern for public wellness. From this point of position, the execution of solid waste direction schemes will cut down the hazard of environmental pollution. In Turkey, a negligible sum of MSW is presently being recycled. Ill organized aggregation systems for recoverable wastes, deficiency of support, and low inclination of occupants to segregate waste are factors impacting the efficiency of recovery. If there are no recycling plans in metropoliss, it is of import for waste directors to find the per centum of recyclables in the waste watercourse, every bit good as what per centum of these recyclables is marketable. If metropoliss have had recycling plans, the sum of reclaimable stuff could supply valuable information by placing the gaining control rates in recycling Centres. Municipalities are responsible for guaranting that the waste generated y their occupants and constitutions is collected and dece ntly managed. A major job is the current hapless status of the economic system in Turkey. The sum of financess available from municipal budgets for MSW betterments should be increased.Costss and Financing of MSW Collection and Recovery OperationsCost informations on solid waste direction in Turkey is normally extremely controversial and complicated due to the nature of the topic. The cost informations is farther complicated by the particulars of the Municipal Region and the cost accounting methodological analysis employed. In order to give an thought of how dearly-won the MSW intervention is, an illustration from a recent survey is given below [ 6 ] . In this case, two separate Municipal cost analyses have been conducted. The first one covered Municipal aggregation and conveyance costs whereas the other one is basically an economic public presentation analysis of two small-medium scale stuff recovery installations. The first set of information was collected from 24 selected Municipa lities from the Aegean Coast of Turkey. The set of informations includes merely the aggregation and conveyance costs of municipal solid waste ( Table 1 ) . Table 1. Cost informations for municipal solid waste aggregation and disposal Table 2. Cost appraisal for a medium sized metropolis broad recycling programme for Turkey Premises: Population: 1.0 million, MSW: 1000 tons/day, % reclaimable waste: 20 % sum recycable waste: 200 tons/day, engagement rate: 45 % , material recovery: 90 tons/day. In order to do comparative appraisal and derive some commercial penetration towards the separate aggregation programmes, cost informations has been gathered from separate aggregation programmes in Turkey. The information on cost of aggregation and sorting has been summarized in Table 2 for a medium-to-large metropolis. An mean population is estimated to be 1.0 million. Based on the elaborate waste analysis, a cost/revenue analysis for a metropolis broad recycling programme is made. The analysis given in Table 2 indicates that grosss are sufficient to cover the general operational costs of material recovery installations if operated at full capacities. Depending on the beginning composing or depending on the aggregation method employed, a comparatively acceptable commercial net income can be retained. In Table 2, costs points are categorized with different types of aggregation methodological analysis. Collections through bring-centres outputs comparatively high investing costs and low operational costs, whereas door-to-door aggregation of reclaimable stuffs by plastic bags has the lowest investing cost. However the go oning ingestion of plastic bags outputs comparatively higher operational costs.Decision and SuggestionsBased on the consequences of TURKSTAT [ 7 ] , it can be concluded that MSW direction is a major job confronting municipalities. The one-year waste coevals additions in proportion to the rise in the population and urbanisation, and issues related to disposal have become ambitious as more land is needed or the ultimate disposal of solid waste. Open mopess can be damaging to the urban environment. In malice of attempts to alter unfastened mopess into healthful landfills and to construct modern recycling and composting installations, Turkey still has over 2000 unfastened mopess. The Solid Waste Control Regulation is applied decently in the phases of aggregation and transit, but the chief job is the readying of healthful landfills and rehabilitation of unfastened mopess because of deficient funding. Currently, electricity production from waste incineration is instead low in Turkey. This is because several of incineration workss lack the capacity to bring forth electricity. Determining methods of concluding waste disposal requires an apprehension of the makeup of the MSW watercourse. A MSW decision- support system based on incorporate solid waste direction should be developed for metropoliss in Turkey. The sum of solid waste collected in Turkey in 2004 was 25,013,521 ton ; 27.99 % , 1.4 % , and 03 % of MSW is disposed of in healthful landfills, composted, and incinerated, severally. This indicates that 70.57 % of the entire sum of MSW was disposed of without any control. In Turkey, MSW is largely composed of domestic residues, and its composing varies by season. Solid waste generated by and large consists of a high organic fraction because of high ingestion of veggies and fruits. In rural countries, the ash content is higher due to the usage of ranges for heating intents in the winter. In Turkey, as in many developing states, there is a deficiency of organisation and planning in MSW direction due to deficient information about ordinances and due to fiscal limitations. In the short term, the best policy might be to go forth disposal methods without any controls, and utilize the resources available to upgrade them with environmental protection systems. In the long term, the building of new healthful landfill countries, composting, and incineration installations could be planned. Public engagement and consciousness are besides of import issues in accomplishing the ends of the suggested direction system, but it is hard and takes a long clip to do people cognizant of the importance and of the rules of the proposed direction system and to consequence their engagement. The reappraisal of municipal and family solid waste statistics in Turkey indicates that mean family waste coevals per capita is 0.6 kg/day and mean municipal solid waste is 0.95 kg/day. The composing of municipal solid waste varies by the beginning of waste ; nevertheless in all instances organic components histories for more than 50 % of municipal solid waste. Detailed cost analyses indicate that stuff recovery installations are normally self sufficient if operated at their established capacities, whereas initial investing to put up large-scale aggregation and recovery strategies still remains to be the major barrier that the municipalities have to get the better of.

A Critical analysis of Gombe by Jane Goodall Essay Example

A Critical analysis of Gombe by Jane Goodall Essay Example A Critical analysis of Gombe by Jane Goodall Essay A Critical analysis of Gombe by Jane Goodall Essay A critical review of Gumbo Jane Goodly the worlds foremost expert on chimpanzees, wrote Gumbo. She is famous for her 45-year study of social and family interactions of wild chimpanzees in Gumbo Stream National Park, Tanzania. Gumbo was one of her numerous memoirs about the chimpanzees, which was originally published in Through a Window (1990). By using the exquisite eye of a scientist, Goodly indicated her new perspective about pharmacology intelligibly. In her writing, she draws the reader in with vivid descriptions of the world and life of the chimpanzees, and resonates with he reader by discussing the many possible windows with which to view the world through. Jane Goodwills writing is first based on her passion with the chimpanzees as well as for pharmacology. She used all of her sensitive senses to feel and notice every single change in sound and movement around her, which catches the readers interest from the very beginning of her essay. Jane Goodly began her story by taking the readers into her room in the early morning of the day, in which she decided to enjoy it fully with her old friends the chimpanzees. With a miniature binocular in ere hand, Goodly began her new day of discoveries by carefully recording, watching, analyzing, and objectifying daily behaviors of a chimpanzees group. She named each one of the chimps as if they were her friends or even family, which created a familiar feeling for all readers. She notes every detail of chimpanzees facial expressions and distinguishes different sounds that come with particular emotions, which vary from nervousness to anger. Like how Goblin, top-ranking male of the community, made his nest, showed himself vigorously swaying around the branches, or threaten our scientist with his heavy breath. And how Fife, a grown female, took care all of her chubby babies. Jane Goodly allows readers find themselves gliding along the text by using several intense verbs that create a vivid specific set of images of the beautiful world that she lives in. Long years of integrating into the chimpanzees community make it seem like Jane Goodly could feel the pain underlying Fifes eyes, which may recall her old mother and brother. Finally, she ended her essay by taking the readers back into her room, which create a cyclical feel, making the reader return to the same feeling established at the start of the story. Goodly reflected on past events to learn something and share new meaning in with the readers. While watching the chimps, her memories with her mom suddenly come back thought her mind. By recalling full details, Goodly brings a full concept of understanding to the reader about her own experiences with the chimpanzees. These flashbacks were prompted by an incident or intense action that draws a vivid picture for the reader, by using her story to illustrate her main point. The effects of Jane Goodwills flashbacks on the reader are to provoke interest and make the detail more easily understood and to reveal important components. She had create a good rapport with the readers by identifying with a common experience, therefore, the several figurative languages such as metaphor and simile, Goodly gives readers reason to read her writing. After many years contributing to pharmacology, Jane Goodly finally realized that there are many windows through which we can look out into the world, searching for meaning like the window of science. She brings the readers closer to the world of science, the world of wild animals by giving a lot of her own experiences with the chimpanzees. By using human knowledge, Jane Goodly observed tool-making by the humanness.

Only certain groups of people are entitled to specific medical care Essay

Only certain groups of people are entitled to specific medical care - Essay Example A person can avail the services if he can pay for it but he cannot force any person to provide him the service even if he desperately needed it (Health Care Is Not a Right, 1993). So, it was only the rich and the affluent that could pay and avail the medical services. Unlike a hair cut service which is provided for free in USA, medical services had to be earned. To provide medical facilities to a person without paying was considered as charity. It was thought that if medical care became a right the quality of medical facilities and health care would deteriorate. Before the health care reform became valid in USA, there were many loopholes in the health care system in USA. Life expectancy in USA was less than most of the other developed nations. The average spending on the medical facilities by an American often exceeded the other costs (Medical Care in the USA, 2012). People went bankrupt because of the high amount in the medical bills. Companies provided for medical insurance policies but often went beyond the profit margins of the company. According to a survey by the US census bureau, around 46.3 million American citizens remained uninsured in 2008. Health care expenditures reached $2.2 trillion in 2007 which was 16.2% of the US economy. 62.1% of all bankruptcies in USA in 2007 were related with medical bills. Despite of being the richest nation, it had the highest number of people suffering from cancer. With the passing of the health care reform act in 2010, there is hope of bringing in changes in the system. On 23 March 2010, the Affordable Care Act in USA was upheld by the federal court and was declared a law. This was also propagated by the present president of USA. The law covered areas like providing insurance facilities to those without such claims or with a pre existing medical condition, reducing the spending on medical care, making health care facilities affordable for all Americans (HealthCare.gov,

Student organization reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Student organization reflection - Essay Example Consequently, while interacting in the student organizations students make lifelong friendships besides bettering their academic performances. The student organizations hold their meetings like any other formal meeting in their institution meeting room. Those who hold the senior posts in the organization or the executive leaders have their seats on one side while the other organization members seat on the opposite side facing each other. The student overall leader is the chairperson and as well he or she chairs all the meeting besides he or she gives out the agendas and reminds the other members their purpose or reasons of being in the meeting. In this way, the general leader seemed to promote the relational understanding of leadership. The students are able to interact freely but in an official manner whereby they do not interrupt their fellows or the meeting progression. The leader presented his ideas in a systematic way such that all the present members understood and were able to participate in the meeting by asking questions besides presenting their views and opinions. Throughout the meeting process, I learned that all the members were addressing their comments directly to the chairperson. This plainly indicated that the chairperson is the one who is responsible in ensuring smooth progression of the meeting. In that he kept order, facilitated the meeting, he declared the outcomes of the motion, he gave equal opportunities to all the members to contribute, he ensured the discussions reached consensus as well as conducting other tasks. Besides he or she should be at ease with the agenda as well as the other fundamental topics to be discussed in the meeting. As well the chairperson is entitled to summarize the meeting if the need be. For instance, in circumstances such as when the members have lost the focus of the agenda, when